L&TD

DSN II is a superior neutron porosity tool. This is due to detector array optimization. Far detector count rates are much greater than ever before. Other advantages stem from the ratio-porosity relationship. Detailed analysis shows that DSN II statistical uncertainty has been significantly reduced compared with previous top-performing tools, while the overall signal-to-noise ratio is notably better than before.

Tool specification

These features translate into porosity measurements with outstanding  precision. DSN II delivers porosity measurements with greater accuracy and repeatability than any other neutron porosity service. Designed for use in liquid-filled holes, both open and cased, this service provides:

• Superior accuracy. Consistent measurements over the entire porosity range, even in cased holes.

• Repeatable results. Optimized detector spacing, advanced calibration methods and greater count rates contribute to the service’s outstanding precision.

• Improved thin bed evaluation. Clearer delineation of thin bed formations with Enhanced Vertical Resolution (EVR), available real time or in post processing.

• Increased reservoir understanding. A combination of logging tools can be run to identify lithology, reveal gas zones and calculate shale volumes

• Faster log runs. Save rig time with an optimized design that enables logs to be run at faster cable speeds

• Gas detection. Excellent indication of gas when used in combination with a density log

• Dykes detection. Excellent Effect of basement’s dyke identification when used in combination with a density log

       CORAL Analysis provides an accurate detailed description of reservoirs and mixed lithology. Its primary use is in the evaluation of formations, which contain shale, sand, limestone, dolomite, anhydrite, and gypsum. Minimum log data consists of a gamma ray or spontaneous potential log; a density, neutron, or sonic porosity log; and an induction or laterolog resistivity log. Improved results are obtained if photoelectric (Pe), shallow resistivity, sonic, dielectric, and spectral gamma ray data are used.    

        These logs will provide determination of shale content, cross plot lithology (sandstone-limestone or limestone-dolomite), anhydrite content, porosity, secondary porosity or gypsum (if an acoustic log is available), permeability and water saturation. If it is known that there is no limestone in a formation, the combination of sandstone-dolomite can be evaluated.
        Shale content can be computed from a number of shale indicators: Gamma Ray, SP, Deep resistivity curve, Thorium, Potassium, Gamma ray Thorium+Potasium, Neutron, Alternative Indicator, External Shale Volume, Density-Neutron cross plot, and Density-Acoustic cross plot. Several of these shale indicators can be used simultaneously, and then the minimum shale content of several shale volumes will be computed.
        Matrix densities of major minerals (sand, lime, dolomite, and anhydrite) can be changed within certain limits if necessary when solving density-neutron cross plot for lithology and porosity. Correction for gas can be done if density of gas is known. Salt and coal contents can be identified by setting the appropriate flags. There are options to compute porosity from single porosity logs (Density, Neutron or Acoustic) Several equations are included to compute water saturation: Archie. Simandoux, Indonesia, Waxman-Smits, and Dielectric analysis models.   Permeability can be computed from one of two equations: Timur or Wyllie-Rose. Effective permeabilities for hydrocarbons and water can be computed from one of the three equations: Park Jones, Boatman, or Pirson.

This program has been used popularly in L&TD for sedimentary rock evaluation.

Tool response equations available are SP, GR, Rt, Rxo, density, neutron and sonic.

Figure 1 shows the result of a CORAL processing for Shaly Sand-Lime-Dolomite with coal. The unknowns are porosity, clay volume, sand volume, water saturation, water saturation in flushed zone, hydrocarbon density, lime volume, dolomite volume, coal volume, and permeability index.

Fig. 1 – Results of CORAL processing for Shaly Sand-Lime-Dolomite with Coal

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 K10 “Quazrtz”

The K10 “Quartz” is a slick line, E-line , or coiled tubing conveyed downhole memory gauge with significantly enhanced capabilities. In the basic configuration it is a low-cost, hight realiability pressure and temperature recorder. With enhanced feature, it is a low-cost, instrument producing pressure, temperature, and flor along with depth data for a more complete well survey.

 Features

• Entire designed, manufactured and assembled in U.S.A.

• “Quartzdyne” quartz resonator transducer

• Battery management system within sofware

• Buit-in Surface Readout (SRO) mode

• Delta P/Delta T sampling options

• Redundant memory

• Low power requirement

• USB interface for fast downloading

• Depth data with sireal encoder for Pressure/Time vs. Depth/Time

• Upgradeable Firmware

• Optional Flowmeter

 Application

• Static and flowing gradient tests

• Downhole leak detection

• Detecting flowing zones

• Injection testing

• Gas lifting optimization

• Drillstem testing

IV. DATA INTERPRETATION

At present, VSP well testing team uses Ecrin sofware includes modules for Pressure Transient Analysis (Saphir) and Production Analysis (Topaze).. This software can calculate reservoir parameters as Pi - initial pressure, K - permeability, C - well bore storage, S - skin, R - effect radius, Kh – Perm thickness product, etc. with high accuracy and reliability. It can interpret testing data on oil, gas, water well with different geologic models. 

Spectral Density Log provides superior formation bulk density (r_b) and borehole Compensated photoelectric factor (Pe) measurements. These measurements are key factors for

• Accurate determination of formation bulk density
• Reliable identification of formation lithology, regardless of formation fluid type
• Precise delineation of thinly bedded formations (the unfiltered Pe curve is used)
• Excellent indication of gas when used in combination with a neutron log
• Excellent effect of basement dyke identification when used in combination with a neutron  log

        This is a weighted-least-squares error minimization technique which provides the analyst extensive flexibility to choose parameters, log measurements, and interpretive models. The affects of trace minerals, such as pyrite or ankerite, can be accurately evaluated with the ULTRA program. The analyst can also incorporate core results and other petrophysical data into ULTRA analysis to enhance the interpretation.

        Tool response equations are available for the following: SP, Gamma Ray, Natural Spectroscopy Gamma Ray, Bulk Density, Photoelectric, Sidewall Neutron, Sonic Log, Pulsed Neutron/TMD/Neutron Lifetime, Dielectric Constant/EPT.

       The following Log Analysis Models are built in: Shaly Sand, Sand-Lime-Dolomite with up to six other minerals and clay, Sand-Lime-Dolomite with up to six other minerals and shale represented as a mixture of clay and silt, Lime-Dolomite with up to six additional minerals and clay, Igneous and metamorphic reservoir model. Core data are used quantitatively in the minimization process.

      Fracture and secondary porosity may be determined in one of two possible ways:

• As the difference of porosity from the sonic log and the porosity from the weighted least squares error optimization process.

• From the cementation factor which can be declared to be unknown and computed at each level along with all other unknowns in the weighted least squares error minimization process.

• Easy to use
• Flexible
• Powerful
• Intelligent

Adaptable – for operation on a variety of systems, including but not limited to Vax, HP, IBM and Apollo

This program has been popular in L&TD for sedimentary and basement rock evaluation.

Figures 1 & 2 show results of ULTRA processing for two sedimentary models. The Sand-Lime-Dolomite with other mineral and clay (Fig.1) and Shaly Sand with another minerals (Fig.2) had been chosen for use with porosity, clay volume, sand volume, water saturation, flushed zone saturation, hydrocarbon density, lime volume, dolomite volume and another mineral volumes as the unknowns.

Figure 3 shows a result of ULTRA processing for a basement model. The unknowns are porosity, quartz volume, kali-feldspar volume, plagioclase volume, and another mineral volume.

Fig. 1 – Results of ULTRA processing for sedimentary rock

Fig. 2 – Results of ULTRA processing for Shaly Sand with another minerals

Fig. 3 – Results of ULTRA processing for Basement

RTTS Safety Joint

The RTTS safety joint is an optional emergency backoff device. The safety joint releases the workstring and tools above the packer if the packer becomes stuck during operations.The design of the RTTS safety joint makes unintentional operation difficult.

Features and Benefits

•  Positive sequence of operation helps prevent premature release.

•  Tools above it can be retrieved when string is stuck

Operation

The RTTS safety joint is run immediately above the RTTS packer so that the greatest number of tools above the packer can be removed.Before the safety joint can be used, a tension sleeve located on the bottom of the lug mandrel must first be parted by pulling up on the workstring.After the tension sleeve has parted, the safety joint is released by right-hand torque while the workstring is rotated a specified number of cycles.

RTTS Safety Joint

These are the most common sizes. Other sizes may be available.

**The values of tensile, burst, and collapse strength are calculated with new tool conditions, Lame’s formula for burst and collapse strength, and stress

area calculations for tensile strength.

These ratings are guidelines only. For more information, consult your local Halliburton representative.

RTTS Packer

The RTTS packer is a full-opening, hookwall packer used for testing, treating, and squeeze cementing operations. In most cases, the tool runs with a circulating valve assembly.The packer body includes a J-slot mechanism, mech anical slips, packer elements, and hydraulic slips. Large, heavy-duty slips in the hydraulic holddown mechanism help prevent the tool from being pumped up the hole. Drag springs operate the J-slot mechanism on ≤ 3 1/2-in. (88.9-mm) packer bodies, while larger packer sizes ≥ 4-in. (101.6 mm) use drag blocks. Automatic J-slot sleeves are standard equipment on all packer bodies. 

The circulating valve, if used, is a locked-open/locked-closed type that serves as both a circulating valve and bypass. The valve automatically locks in the closed position when the packer sets. During testing or squeezing operations, the lock prevents the valve from being pumped open. A straight J-slot in the locked-open position matches with a straightJ-slot (optional) in the packer body. This combination eliminates the need to turn the tubing to close the circulating valve or reset the packer after the tubing has been displaced with cement.

Features and Benefits

•   The full-opening design of the packer mandrel bore allows 

large volumes of fluid to pump through the tool. Tubing-type guns and other wireline tools can be run through the packer.

•  The packer can be set and relocated as many times as necessary with simple tubing manipulation.

•   Tungsten carbide slips provide greater holding ability and improved wear resistance in high-strength casing. Pressure through the tubing activates the slips in the hydraulic holddown mechanism.

•  An optional integral circulating valve locks into open or

closed position during squeezing or treating operations,

and opens easily to allow circulation above the packer.

Operation

The tool is run slightly below the desired setting position to set the packer and is then picked up and rotated several turns. If the tool is on the bottom, only a half-turn is actually required. However, in deep or deviated holes, several turns with the rotary may be necessary. To maintain position, theright-hand torque must be held until the mechanical slips on the tool are set and can start taking weight.The pressure must be equalized across the packer to unset it.

As the tubing is picked up, the circulating valve remains closed, establishing reverse circulation around the lower end of the packer. The circulating valve is opened for coming out of the hole when the tubing is lowered, rotated to the right, and picked up.

RTTS Packer

CSNG™ provides highly accurate measurements of potassium, uranium, and thorium by detecting the gamma rays they emit. The concentrations of these elements reveal petrological information to help ensure clean rock is not mistaken for shale or clay.

The CSNG measures the entire gamma spectrum, from 0 to 3000 keV, in both open and cased holes, producing both a primary and a quality log in real-time.

• Detect producible zones by accurately distinguishing reservoir rock from those containing clays. Sandstones generally have low potassium and thorium concentrations compared to shale.
• Increase reservoir understanding with CSNG data. Fractured or highly permeable reservoirs can be discovered when high uranium concentrations appear with low potassium and thorium concentrations. High uranium and thorium counts with low potassium counts indicate a clean reservoir containing accessory minerals.
• Determine clay types, volumes, and caction exchange capacity using CSNG elemental concentration data.
• Locate radioactive tracers using the CSNG in Halliburton’s TracerScan™ service.
• Identify lithology or determine average casing thickness when the tool is run with the Low-Z case.
• Basement’s fracture zones quick indicator. Using Uran-Thor-Pota ratio

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The DPP & Petrosite applications run cohesively in a common “desktop” environment under OSF/Motif ^TM, thus offering a consistent user interface based on the X-Window system.

All DPP& Petrosite applications run from a common CLS database, and use a single messaging system to communicate with one another.

Offered as a package, but available as individual applications, Desktop Petrophysics&Petrosite provides the tools needed to meet the demand for more in-depth reservoir analysis and evaluation.

The DPP & Petrosite applications are grouped. There are main groups: Basic Desktop Petrophysics, Basic Formation Evaluation Package and Additional Post Processing Software Modules.

Each application in the Desktop Petrophysics & Petrosite suite is described briefly below.

GEOLOAD Converts Log Data between CLS Database format and LIS and LAS formats. Also can output ASCII file and verify LIS.

CLS EDITOR View and edit Log Data in CLS Database file in value versus sample depth matrix. Create, delete, rename or copy curves.

SCROLLPLOT Interactively display CLS log data on screen, or output as TIFF file. Annotate logs, label/rescale curves, plot special curves (waveform, image, dip arrow, etc.).  

SPC EDITOR Build/edit a Scroll Plot Control file (.spc) to format plots run from the Scroll Plot program.

XCF EDITOR Build/edit a Cross Plot Control file (.xcf) to format plots run from the Cross Plot program.

HARDCOPY MANAGER Plot TIFF file of logs, cross plots, and screen dumps on selected plotter.

MATHPACK Perform mathematical, logical, filter operations on CLS database curves, and save processing steps as user programs. Display data histogram with statistical calculation.  

LOG HEADER EDITOR The Log Header Editor program is used to generate API standard log headers to include with plots produced by other Desktop Petrophysics application. You can select from a list of header types that include Open Hole, Cased Hole, and Formation Tester. The Log Header Editor program has the option to read the information stored in the CLS database. The HardCopy Manager program to generate the header plots for the different plotters uses data saved by the program.

B- BASIC FORMATION EVALUATION PACKAGE

QLOOK is a quicklook to complex reservoir analysis model. Although the program will function with a minimum of one porosity data input, one clay determination data input and one deep resistivity data input; it provides improved results with additional input data. The program determines any 3 mineral combination from a list of 17 available minerals; plus clay; when density-neutron-Pe-resistivity data are available. When sonic travel time is added, the sonic enhances the program’s ability to deal with bad hole or to provide secondary porosity determination or both. The addition of flushing zone resistivity allows for a moveable hydrocarbon plot. QLOOK features several computational options including: selection of desired clay indicators, selection of gamma ray – Vcl transformations, and selection of water saturation models. QLOOK contains a microlog indicated permeability routine that complements the standard computed results if micro-electric data is present.

TVD A module for directional survey plots. The program uses depth, azimuth, and borehole deviation information to evaluate true vertical depth, north-south and east-west displacements, and polar plots of the wellbore.

Model Builder This feature enables anyone with Fortran programming knowledge to develop analysis or other data manipulation programs which can access the CLIS database well file in a simple and straightforward manner. The model developer generates two files, a .MDS file which specifies the input and output parameters and processing options, and a .MDL file which contains the Fortran algorithms. The system will then build an executable program that allows Model Runner access the CLIS database and JOBVAR database as required.

Model Runner Sets up model control parameters and interactively run the model.

Parameter Editor Edit environment parameter values used in analysis models by user-defined depth zones and store in parameter database.

Environmental Corrections Library for both Halliburton and Schlumberger tool responses.

CORAL (COmplex Reservoir Analysis Lithology) This model provides an accurate, detailed description of reservoirs with mixed lithology. Its primary use is in the evaluation of formations, which contain shale, sand, limestone, dolomite, anhydrite, and gypsum. Minimum log data consists of a Gamma Ray or Spontaneous Potential, Induction or Laterolog resistivity, and Neutron and Density logs. Improved results are obtained if photoelectric (Pe), shallow resistivity, Sonic, Dielectric, and Spectral Gamma Ray data are used.

DIP ANALYSIS

SHIVA A planar global mapping computational module for four or six arm dipmeters. SHIVA analysis relies on a weighted-least-squares optimization approach to make optimum use of redundant data.

OMNI A global mapping computational module for curved surfaces for six arm dipmeters. OMNI is a variation of SHIVA analysis that evaluates non-planar bedding. If dips are planar. OMNI will produce the same dip angle and azimuth as SHIVA analysis.

ORATOR Oriented resistivity processing of dipmeter data for fracture detection. ORATOR results also indicate the orientation of fracture anomalies. The ORATOR plot is made by comparing each diameter pad’s measurement with that of the adjacent pads.

IMAGING - Pseudo 3D or Advanced 3D

CAST Image enhancement of CAST data can be done to improve geologic interpretation, fracture analysis, and bed definition. This model allows histogram equalization of CAST data. CAST images can be plotted as 360 ^o two-dimensional or three-dimensional cylindrical images that can be rotated. Interactive dip and fracture plot can be obtained by matching a sinusoidal to the image features.

EMI Image enhancement of EMI data can be done to improve geologic interpretation, fracture analysis, and bed definition. This model allows histogram equalization of EMI data. EMI images can be plotted as two-dimensional or three-dimensional cylindrical images that can be rotated. Interactive dip and fracture plot can be obtained by matching a sinusoidal to the image features

FULLWAVE ACOUSTIC allows processing of the acoustic waveform to compressional, shear and stoneley components by semblance correlation

Mechanical Properties allows for rock elastic properties from Acoustic Dt compressional and shear combined with density measurements via ROCKXPERT.  

FUL-FLO® Hydraulic Circulating Valve 

The FUL-FLO® hydraulic circulating valve serves as a bypass around the packer or as a circulating valve to circulate a well after testing.When run below a closed valve, the tool serves as a bypas  s around the packer and helps relieve pressure buildup below the closed valve when it is stung into a production packer.When run above a closed valve, the tool can be used as a circulating valve when the workstring is picked up.

Features and Benefits 

•  Permits passage of wireline tools through its full-opening bore

•  Requires no pipe rotation to operate

Operation

Bypass ports close when weight is set down and reopen when weight is lifted.A hydraulic metering system provides a 2 to 3-minute delay in closing after weight is applied. This delay allows either the RTTS packer to be set or the test string to be stung into a permanent packer before the bypass ports close. The ports reopen without a time delay.During stimulation work, the latching piston adds a downward force on the circulating sleeve to help keep the valve closed.Operation of the valve is the same whether it is used as a circulating valve or as a bypass. No torque is required. Weight is applied to close the tool, and the workstring is picked up to reopen it.

FUL-FLO Hydraulic Circulating Valve

Meets NACE-0175  > 175°F (79°C) standards for H2S service

*Service temperature up to 450°F (dressed with 600 series o-rings and PEEK™ back-up seals)

**The values of tensile, burst, and collapse strength are calculated with new tool conditions, Lame’s formula for burst and collapse strength, and stress

area calculations for tensile strength.

***Pressure rating is defined as differential pressure at the tool. (Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between the casing annulus tool ID.)

These ratings are guidelines only. For more information, contact your local Halliburton representative.

PEEK is a trademark of ICI Americas, Inc. Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone.