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Mud Logging Unit ALS-2

II. UNIT ALS-2 MUD LOGGING:

1. Introduction:

The ALS-2 Mud Logging Unit provides highly automated monitoring of the entire drilling operation. More than 70 parameters can be measured, processed, displayed, printed and recorded simultaneously. The acquisition system also calibrates the received signals and checks the state of the sensors for electrical faults such as a cut cable or open circuit. In the case of malfunction, an alarm is activated immediately alerting the operator.

For data processing a totally new concept has been adopted based entirely on computer technology. The sensor signals are transformed into digital format and then distributed according to requirement. The data is supplied on screen monitors (two types of screen system exist, the “Alpha-numeric” and the “Graphic”) or intelligent interfaces in real-time or playback mode. Alarms can be placed on each parameter. Computerized printouts of desired parameters produce graphic charts of the progress of the well being drilled. In addition the database is continually recorded on magnetic storage support.

The ALS is a powerful tool that may be placed in the hands of those with responsibility for the drilling rig. Using many forms of data presentation in the logging unit, monitors or intelligent interfaces can be placed anywhere on the rig. These terminals are “operator friendly” and enable anybody who needs information to have it right there in front of him in real-time or replay mode, and to apply analysis programs if necessary.

Off-line processing: An offline workstation is part of the ALS-2. This workstation has the following main functions:

Calibration of the sensors.
Off-line calculations:

- Overpressure

- Hydraulics (Bingham, Power Law and other models)

- Deviation survey analysis

- Surge & Swab

- Drilling bit optimization

- Bit performance and cost

- Kick control

- Gas ratio analysis + plots

Data handling (graphic playback, log processing, import/export...)
Diagnostic functions and network management.
Reporting capabilities (word processing, graphics editor...)

2. Mudlogging equipment and services:

2.1 Mudlogging Unit:

Mudllogging unit for offshore operation, complete with:

Air-condition System
Working area for client
Full UPS System to support all computers and data acquisition system
Airlock/Escape Hatch/MCT Entry
Pressurization system
Safety Equipment
Intercom system

2.2 Formation evaluation equipment:

Binocular Zoom (10 x 30) microscope
UV Fluoroscope
Sample Drying Oven
Geological Equipment and Chemicals
Sample Processing Trays
Shale Density
Autocancimeter

2.3 Gas detection system:

The FID (Flame Ionization Detector) Gas Detector & Chromatograph is a well site gas detection and analysis system. It continuously analyses gases extracted from the degasser.

Measurement of total hydrocarbon gases in methane equivalents, with:
Measuring range: 250 ppm -100 %
Sensitivity: 200 ppm
Accuracy: 100 ppm
Calibration method: Manual

Automatic chromatographic analysis of gas components (from C1 to nC5 measured in 240 seconds), with:
Measuring range: 30 ppm -100 %
Sensitivity: 20 ppm
Accuracy: 10 ppm
Calibration method: Manual injection.

2.4 Sensors and parameters:

Continuous analog recording on colour recorders and digital display on colour monitor of:

Drilling rate, heave, depth, bit depth, TV depth, kelly height, hook height, footage, bit run, time on bit
Weight on bit, hook load and over pull
Individual pit volume and Totaliser (all active pits, trip tank and other pits)
Pump rate and Totaliser (Flow in pumps), Lag time
Standpipe Pressure, Well Head Pressure, Cement Unit Pressure
Rotary RPM and Rev counter
Mud temperature In/Out
Rotary Torque
Mud Flow Out
H₂, H₂S, CO₂

2.5 Computer equipment

Computer equipment consisting:

Signal Conditioning Panel (SCP)
Data Acquisition Panel (DAP)
Real-time Monitoring Computer (RTM)
Real Time Graphic Computer (RTG)

Unit File Server (SVX)
Off-line Computer (TDX)
Real-time Printers
Off-line Printer
Repeater Monitor (for Coman & Rig floor)

2.6 Reporting:

Reporting Daily Geological/Drilling Reports
Reporting Daily Master Log/Over Pressure Log
Submission of Client Approved Master Log, Pressure Evaluation Log (D-exponent).
Submission of Client Approved Final Well Report at the end of each well.

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Bridge plug and packer setting

Specifications

CASING				BRIDGE PLUG
O.D in/mm	Weight Lb/ft	Min I.D in/mm	Max I.D in/mm	Max O.D in/mm	Base Product Number
5-1/2 139,7	20.0 -23.0	4.625 117,48	4.778 121,36	4.50 114,3	45 WRP-A
6-5/8 168,28	28.0 - 32.0	5.610 142,49	5.921 150,39	5.484 139,29	45 WRP-F
7 177,8	26.0 - 29.0	6.136 155,86	6.276 159,41	5.968 151,59	47 WRP-B2
7-5/8 193,68	20.0 - 24.0	7.025 178,44	7.125 180,98	6.812 173,02	47 WRP-D4
9-5/8 244,48	40.0 - 47.0	8.681 220,50	8.835 224,41	8.437 214,30	51 WRP-A4

The Weatherford WRP is a wireline set, packer type, retrievable bridge plug capable of holding differential pressure from above or below. Utilizes standard wireline or hydraulic setting tools. Used as a temporary bridge plug for acidzing, fracturing, cementing, casing pressure tests, wellhead replacement and zone isolation.

Pressure rating

Retrievable bridge plugs	Above	Below
4-1/2” to 7-5/8”	10,000 psi	8,000 psi
9-5/8”	8,000 psi	6,000 psi

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MITPro SOFTWARE

DESCRIPTION

The Data Processing Software for the Sondex Multi-Finger Imaging Tool (MITpro software) performs the task of processing MIT raw data automatically, but under interactive user control. It reduces the tedium of manually analysing the data, producing consistent, reliable reports showing where and to what degree the pipe wall is damaged or scaled.

The software locates

collars in tubing or casing, using a range of specialised, automatic search algorithms. The results can be modified interactively, until a suitable description of every joint is obtained.

To process the data, the software uses algorithms, which correct for tool decentring and fit the interior shape of the pipe locally. All deviations from the fitted shape are merged and classified into damage reports. The software configuration can be adapted to process the data from any type of survey, using any Sondex MIT tool.

MITpro can generate highly reliable and consistent survey reports, which are stored as

ASCII format disc files. These include Summary Report Files, which summarise the findings as a Joint Tabulation, and Process Report Files, which contain detailed damage information.

The Summary Report can be printed out, to a high presentation standard, suitable for offering to end-users directly. Worst-case cross section plots can be generated and appended to the report automatically. Both metric and imperial formats are supported throughout.

The MITpro software is a 32-bit application, which runs under Microsoft Windows 95 or Windows 98. The software can also run under Windows NT.

Cross-sections produced by MITPro are very important to know the real status of the pipe in the well. MITPro has therefore been widely used in casing and tubing inspections in L & TD – VSP. These cross-sections combine with plots, produced by WellCAD and MITView software and are the most effective ways of showing pipe status.

Some pictures below were taken from the casing and tubing inspection results. Data source was recorded by MIT (24,40,60) tools in White Tiger oil field.

	In this case, the casing was strongly deformed
This image illustrates that the casing was parted.The measured value from all of fingers exceed the nominal outer radius of the casing
	Solid material adhering to the inside of pipe

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Toolpusher Assemblies

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Mud Logging

1. Introduction

The Mud Logging Team of Logging & Testing Division is an operation unit with function to carry out mud logging services in almost wells of VSP. We have also performed mud logging services for some companies such as PIDC, PVEP, VRJ with many exploitation and exploratory wells. The Mud logging services are performed in either drilling process or workover operations with the possibility to fullfil following functions: to monitor and control drilling operations, to collect geological data, to increase drilling safety.

High Resolution Induction

HRI Tool specification

Deep

Medium

Shallow

Max Temp	350^0F (175⁰C)
Max Press	20 000 psi (137 900 kPa)
Max hole	4 in (102 mm)
Min hole	24 in (610 mm)
Range	0.1 to 2000 ohm.m

Vertical Resolution (90%)	12 or 24 in30.5 or 61 cm	12 or 24 in(30.5 or 61 cm)	<17 in (<43cm)
Depth of Investigation (50%)	91 in 231 cm	39 in(99.06 cm)	<17 in (<43cm)
Sensitivity	±0.25 ohmm	±0.25 ohmm	±0.1ohmm
Accuracy	± 1% or ± 1 ohmm	± 1%or ± 1 ohmm	±0.1ohmm
Depth of Investigation (50%	3 to 20 ft	1 to 3m	± 2%

Primary Curves	HRd, HRm, DFL, HR90, HR60, HR50, HR40, HR30, HR24
Secondary Curves	SP

Commercial Performance In Today’s Search for Hydrocarbons. The High Resolution Induction log from Halliburton offers superior vertical resolution and significantly greater depth of investigation than conventional induction logs. The HRI tool produces three primary measurements: a deep induction (HRd), a medium induction (HRm), and a digitally focused resistivity (DFL). Reading 40% deeper than ILd measurements, HRd measurements can resolve beds as thin as two feet and are accurate in beds thicker than three feet. The HRd, HRm, and DFL all have similar vertical resolution. Our innovative processing provides a log in real time, at the wellsite. Plus the HRI’s symmetric array provides a more robust, error-free log.

As the search for new oil and gas resources continues, more and more exploration and development is targeted toward so-called unconventional reservoirs. Drilling objectives include interceded sand-shale sequences, thin beds, low-resistivity pay sands, and beds with little resistivity contrast from their surroundings. While the detection and evaluation of many of these reservoirs often exceed the capabilities of conventional resistivity devices, significant technical advancements allow HRI tools to locate and provide accurate information about such zones, which may otherwise be bypassed

Thin beds

Reservoir intervals less than 10 feet thick comprise numerous primary and secondary exploration and development objectives. Utilizing reduced shoulder bed effects and improvements in vertical response, HRI logs resolve beds as thin as 2 feet.

Laminated Sand-Shale Sequences

Marine depositional environments and fluvial flood plains commonly contain laminated sand-shale sequences. Decreased shoulder response and improved vertical resolution again enhance interpretation in these situatio

Additional Secondary Objectives

By detecting thin beds and using quadrature processing to improve tool response, HRI logs can locate additional, potentially productive zones not indicated by other logging devices. While some primary objectives may not require HRI advantages for evaluation, HRI logs can illuminate secondary production possibilities for completion attempts. Without HRI information, numerous profitable secondary objectives could be permanently overlooked.

Groningen-Effect Environments

Below massive, highly resistive formations, deep laterolog devices read abnormally high resistivities. This phenomenon is known as the Groningen-effect and normally masks any productive zone below the massive resistive bed. HRI logs display no Groningen-effects.

Oil-Base Muds

Focused resistivity devices such as laterolog, spherically focused, and microspherically focused tools are designed to operate in an electrically conductive borehole medium and thus do not function effectively in oil-base muds. This requirement is not applicable to HRI tools; consequently, they are able to operate in oil-base muds and air-filled boreholes.

Turbidites

Deeper water exploration targets and many land prospects commonly include turbidites, which are high-energy submarine depositional environments encountered near continental shelf margins. The superior vertical resolution offered by HRI measurements can improve the evaluation of thin beds contained in turbidite sequences.

Deep Invasion

Typically, deeply invaded formations are associated with moderate permeability, medium to low porosity, high-water-loss muds, overbalanced mud systems, and drilling operations in pressure-depleted reservoirs. By investigating 1.4 times deeper than conventional induction devices, the HRI tool explores past the invaded zone to improve true resistivity measurement accuracy.

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Casing Inspection CAST-V

The newest generation Circumferential Acoustic Scanning tool, the CAST-V made by Halliburton, provides a wealth of information in both open and cased holes. In cased holes, ultrasonic pipe inspection and cement evaluation can now be obtained simultaneously. In open holes, the CAST-V provides complete borehole imaging for accurate formation evaluation.

Operating over a wide range of downhole environments, the CAST-V data can be presented in a variety of two- and three- dimensional formats. Powerful, yet user-friendly imaging analysis software is available to process the images, histograms and curve-type data.

Specifications

Temperature

Rating

Pressure Rating

OutsideDiameter

Length

Weight

350^oF

20,000psi

3.625 in.

215 in.

316 lb

175^oC

137900 kPa

92 mm

5.46m

143 kg

Casedhole Operation

Recommended Range of Casing Sizes*

51/2 to 133/8 in.

139 to 340 mm

Azimuthal Resolution	3.6^o
Vertical Sample Rate	6 in. / 3 in. / 1 in.
Logging Speed	60 ft/min / 30 ft/min / 10 ft/min
Primary curves	Reflected Amplitude, Radius, Acoustic Impedance, and Casing Wall Thickness
Secondary curves	Deviation, Relative Bearing, Compressive Strength, Fluid Transit Time, and Mud Impedance

Primary applications include:

Casing Inspection (Both Thickness And Diameter).
Ultrasonic Cement Evaluation Imaging.
Open Hole Borehole Imaging.
Fracture Detection.

CAST-V – A COST-EFFECTIVE TOOL

FOR CASING INSPECTION AND CEMENT EVALUATION.

CAST-V has been used by Vietsovpetro L&TD for casing inspection and cement evaluation.

Cased hole diagnostic applications provide the following information:

- Detailed radial caliper information, precise perforation location,

- Casing damage inspection, corrosion effects description, real pipe wear identification.

- Evaluation of complex and lightweight cement

	This plot of casedhole logs displays VDL in Track 3 and Impedance map in Track 5. They clearly indicate that interval 2440-2532 m, cement bonding is poor, the lower shows good bonding.
	This plot of casedhole logs displays I.D map in Track 4 and Thickness map in Track 6. They clearly indicate corrosions in interval 1060-1100m

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Downhole Pressure Measurement

DESCRIPTION

For high precision downhole pressure measurement, we use Sondex quartz pressure gauge tool, employing an industry standard quartz crystal pressure transducer. The tool provides both pressure and gauge temperature outputs.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Fluid pressure applied to the quartz tension member changes the resonant frequency of the quartz crystal. Thermal compensation of the sensor and measurement of its temperature allows the calculation of very accurate, high-resolution downhole pressures.

Pressure readings are digitized to 24-bit resolution and gauge temperature to 16 bits and transmitted on one channel of the telemetry system simultaneously with other logging signals. In surface readout applications two pressure tools can be used with output from both tools transmitted in a single digital channel.

SPECIFICATIONS

	Memory	Wireline
Supply Voltage	+12V DC	+60V DC
Power / Current	5 mA	50 mA

Max. Pressure	15,000 psia
Max. Temp.	350⁰ F (177⁰ C)
Drift	Less than 3 psi per year

Tool Length

12.25" (311mm)

22.5" (572mm)

Measure Point	2.9" (74mm)
Tool Diameter	1-1/2" (38mm)

Weight

4.85 lb (2.2kg)

6.5 lb (3kg)

Range	0-15,000 psia
Linearity	≤ 0.01 % FS
Resolution	0.008 psi
Repeatability	≤ 0.01 % FS
Hysterisis	≤ 0.01 % FS
Materials	Corrosion resistant throughout

Benefits:

Downhole pressure gradient measurement.
Evaluating the multiphase production profile.
Draw down and build up pressure transient analysis
Data for productivity index and Nodal Analysis.
It could be used in horizontal or highly deviated Wells

The study of hydrodynamic characteristics is one of the most important methods to monitor production life of reservoir. It consists of:

Reservoir pressure monitoring helps in optimizing primary production regime and enhanced production regime. In addition reservoir pressure is to be used in reserves assessment by material balance
Evaluation of reservoir permeability and skin effect of region around the wellbore. The can then be used to determine the technical solution such as acidizing fracturing works
Determination of present oil-water contact.

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Super Tubing Cutters

· Benefits & Features

- Tubing cutter is always shot between two collars. Operatinally very simple

- Cutting by tubing cutter will not damage casing

Specifications

Item	Description
1	Adapter Sub, Box to Pin Connection
2	Housing
3	Cablehead Boot
4	Splice Boot
5	O-Ring, Viton
6	Rubber Retainer

C	Tubing Cutter Assemblies
	Charge No	1-hr Temp °F	Press. Rating (psi)	Explo -sive Weight	Cutter O.D (In)	Tubing Nominal (In)	Tubing O.D. (In)	Tubing I.D. (In)	Tubing Weight (wt/ft)
	CUT-2125 -405	400	17,000	50	2.125	2-7/8	2.875	2.441	6.50 #

DET-3050-009L

Resistorized Detonator - (not included)

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MITView SOFTWARE

DESCRIPTION

One of the most effective ways of understanding the condition of a well is to produce 3D images. To achieve this, we use a package called MITview

This powerful presentation package uses the ASCII files of data recorded by an MIT to produce 3D images on a PC screen. These images are under user control and can be manipulated to give a view that best suits understanding the nature of a feature. All the views use a combination of false colour and position to give pictures where diameter changes are shown as variations in colour & shape. During MITview use the initial visualisation generated is normally a view straight down the well; the result is an image similar in appearance to that seen when using a Downhole Video Camera. The difference is MITview has no problem with well fluid turbidity and additionally provides a quantified output. On screen controls provide the ability to add a number of useful measurement aids. The value of each arm reading can be displayed enabling dimensioned cross-sections to be examined. A grid of nominal O.D. can be superimposed, this allows excursions that are probable penetrations to be rapidly identified. "Whiskers" can be automatically drawn to represent anomalies in a vector like form with lines representing the magnitude and direction of a feature.

While views down the well are very informative, MITview can be used to allow the operator to look at features from different directions. Full control of the displayed image allows it to be angled, rotated, lengthened etc. This often makes the understanding of a downhole problem easier. Longitudinal sections are also available.

MITview users are able to produce a CD for their customer with the data fil e

s of a particular job together with an operating version of the program. This allows the engineer responsible for the well to run MITView and examine the data himself

Exported images can be used to produce hard copy pictures suitable for use in written reports, for example the BOP shown on the right.

Some pictures below illustrate this software application in Vietsovpetro L&TD. Data was recorded by MIT (24,40,60) tools in White Tiger oil field.

A specific image of mandrel in tubing inspecting results

This picture shows the scale build up phenomenon in tubing and casing in a well

MITView showing a casing, which was wom by drilling towhichol

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Vsprowess Software

Main Features

• Three component processing of any survey configuration

• Image reconstruction of P and S wave modes, both CDP mapping and migration, using simple dip, anisotropic models.

• Time slice display of 3D datasets

• Proximity surveys including anisotropy and simple dip

• Q estimation

• Wavelet extraction/matching

• AVO/AVA analysis tools

• Fracture monitoring display

• Flexible display options

• Input data formats include SEGY,SEG2 and MIRF

• Velocity log calibration and synthetic seismogram

• Import and display of LAS logs.

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L&TD

LOGGING & TESTING DIVISION