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L&TD

LOGGING & TESTING DIVISION

Sản phẩm dịch vụ

Borehole Compensated Sonic Log

Tool specification
Principle
Borehole Compensated Sonic
Max Temp
3500F
1750C
Max Press
18 500 psi
127 600 kPa
Max hole
17.5 in
445 mm
Min hole
4.25 in
108 mm
Range
40-190 µs/ft
131-623 µs/m
Vertical Resolution (90%)
2ft 0.610 m
Depth of Investigation (50%

<3 inμЅ

<76.2 mm
Sensitivity
na na
Accuracy:
±1 µs/ft ± 3 µs/m
    Primary Curves
∆tc(compressional slowness)
   Secondary Curves
Φc

Borehole Compensated Sonic tools determine the time required for a compressional sound wave to travel through one foot of formation. The travel time depends upon the formation's lithology, porosity, and type of pore fluid. Thus, if lithology and type of pore fluid are known, travel time can be related to porosity.

As an aid to interpretation of seismic data, the compres­sional travel times are integrated and the results indicated on the log. A tick mark appears on the log for each millisecond of elapsed time. The interval between tick marks indicates the depth interval through which sonic waves travel in 1 millisecond.

Compensated Sonic tools contain two acoustic trans­mitters and two acoustic receivers. The standard arrange­ment of these components results in travel time measure­ments made with transmitter-to-receiver spacing of 3 and 5 feet. The use of such multiple travel time measure­ments allows for compensation for borehole fluids, borehole rugosity, and tool tilt

Compensated Sonic tools are run in liquid-filled wells and should be centralized in the borehole. The tools can be combined with other tools such as Gamma Ray, Induction, Laterolog, Density, Neutron, and Caliper.

                                   
Applications:      
  •  Porosity analysis
  •  Lithology identification
  •  Abnormal pressure identification
  •  Velocity data for seismic studies
 

DT measurement in sedimentary rock

DT measurement  in basement

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Surface Readout Production Logging System

INTRODUCTION

In surface readout production logging the production logging tools are run on conducting wireline which is run from surface through a pressure control system (usually grease injection). Power is sent down the line and data from the production logging tools is relayed up via a telemetry system and decoded. This data is merged with depth and line speed data from the wireline unit’s measuring head and the logging data is displayed real time.

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Tubing Conveyed Perforation

Benefits and Features:

  •  Perforation in highly deviated or horizontal wells
  •  Very safe since the well can not blow when perforating
  •  The needed for perforration is very little
  •  Perforate can be under or over balanced for many formations with hundreds meters of perforated interval.
  •  Perforation under balanced gives deep penetration stable antry holes.

Specifications 

  •  Gun O.D.: 3-3/8”
  •  Casing O.D: 4.5”
  •  Shot Density (spf): 6
  •  Gun type: Scalloped gun systems
  •  Entry hole: 0.59” (Concrete target)
  •  Concrete target penetration: 31.12” (Concrete target)

Time Vs Temperature chart for explosives

   

The picture shows the result of production logging after perforation using TCP

Perforation intervals:

4271 - 4282,

4285 - 4291,

4294 - 4314 m.

versus producing flows at: 24.3, 17.1 and 3.6 m3 of oil per day.

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SASHA SAnd SHale Analysis

         SASHA is one of the most useful and effective softwares in petrophysical analysis. The SASHA program evaluates shaly sand reservoirs, and provides effective porosity, water saturation, hydrocarbon density, and clay and silt volumes. Sasha analysis can also determine the relative permeabilities models. Minimum log data consists of a gamma ray or spontaneous potential log; a density, neutron, or sonic porosity log; and an induction or laterolog resistivity log. Improved results are obtained if photoelectric (Pe), shallow resistivity, sonic, dielectric, and spectral gamma ray data are used. This is an industry standard shaly-sand analysis model.

          The program has two basic options to evaluate these parameters:

·    The general case when any type of hydrocarbons may be present and hence the density of hydrocarbons is not known.

·    When density of hydrocarbons is known and there is little or no invasion. This option is primarily designed to evaluate tight gas sands where the density of gas is usually known and there is no invasion due to very low permeability.


 

Shale content is computed from one or several (as a minimum) of the following shale indicators: Gamma Ray, SP, Deep resistivity curve, Thorium, Potassium, Thorium+Potasium, Neutron, Density-Neutron cross plot, and Density-Acoustic cross plot; or an external shale volume Vsh is used for the volume of shale.  

Porosity is computed from the Density-Neutron cross plot or Density-Acoustic cross plot or single porosity logs: Density, Neutron or Acoustic. Salt and coal can be identified when necessary by setting flags and cut-off values. SASHA also corrects for the excavation effect (if desired).

Several equations are included to compute water saturation: Archie. Simandoux, Indonesia, Waxman-Smits, and Dielectric analysis models.

Permeability can be computed from one of two equations: Timur or Wyllie-Rose. Effective permeabilities for hydrocarbons and water are also computed

This program has been used popularly in L&TD for shaly sand reservoirs. Tool response equations available are SP, GR, Rt, Rxo, density, neutron and sonic. The figure 1 shows result of SASHA processing for Shaly Sand reservoirs. The unknowns are porosity, clay volume, sand volume, water saturation, water saturation in flushed zone, hydrocarbon density, and permeability index.


 


 

 

 

 


        

Fig. 1 – Results of SASHA processing for Shaly Sand

Toolpusher Features

Features: 

  - Toolpusher is a tool transport system use to convey the logging tools to the bottom of the well, when e-line can not get the tools to T.D.

- In many instances experience has proven that much less rig time is used, if Toolpusher is utilized first. 

-  Depending on depth, Toolpusher operations consume about 3 to 4 time more time than e-line conveyed operations.

- Any e-line service can be provided via Toolpusher.


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Perforation

      WIRELINE PERFORATION 3”½, 4”½, 5”, 7” DEEP PENETRATOR

          Imported from OWEN (USA) & INNICOR (CANADA) L&TD has been using this equipment since 1988 in hundreds wells of VSP. The deviation angle of wells up to 70 degrees and the depth up to 5000 M. This type of perforation can be armed without cutting off electricity. Wireline perforation are used very safety in oil & gas field's. Advantages of Wireline perforation is the gun can not fire if hydrostatic pressure less than 10 at the length of the gun varies from 3 to 8 meters 

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Dual Spaced Neutron Log

      Vietsovpetro L&TD uses Halliburton’s DSN II tools from 1997 for lithology & porosity identification for sedimentary and basement rock.

DSN II is a superior neutron porosity tool. This is due to detector array optimization. Far detector count rates are much greater than ever before. Other advantages stem from the ratio-porosity relationship. Detailed analysis shows that DSN II statistical uncertainty has been significantly reduced compared with previous top-performing tools, while the overall signal-to-noise ratio is notably better than before.

 

 

 

 

 

      
 

Tool specification

Max Temp
3500F (1750C)
Max Press
20 000 psi (137 900 kPa)
Max hole
20.75 in (529 mm)
Min hole
4.5 in (115 mm)
Vertical Resolution
3 in
8 cm
Depth of Investigation (50%)
6 in. (152.88 mm)
Sensitivity
1% reading
Precision
Low (1SD) ± 0.1 @ 3 p.u.
High (1SD) ± 0.3 @ 30 p.u.
Accuracy, Low
± 5% or ±1 p.u., whichever is larger
Primary Curves:
Neutron Limestone Porosity
Near-to-Far Detector Count-Rate Ratio
Secondary Curve
Near- and Far-Detector Count Rates
Source
AmBe

These features translate into porosity measurements with outstanding  precision. DSN II delivers porosity measurements with greater accuracy and repeatability than any other neutron porosity service. Designed for use in liquid-filled holes, both open and cased, this service provides:

  • Superior accuracy. Consistent measurements over the entire porosity range, even in cased holes.
  • Repeatable results. Optimized detector spacing, advanced calibration methods and greater count rates contribute to the service’s outstanding precision.
  • Improved thin bed evaluation. Clearer delineation of thin bed formations with Enhanced Vertical Resolution (EVR), available real time or in post processing.
  • Increased reservoir understanding. A combination of logging tools can be run to identify lithology, reveal gas zones and calculate shale volumes
  • Faster log runs. Save rig time with an optimized design that enables logs to be run at faster cable speeds
  • Gas detection. Excellent indication of gas when used in combination with a density log
  • Dykes detection. Excellent Effect of basement’s dyke identification when used in combination with a density log

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CORAL Complex Reservoir AnaLysis

       CORAL Analysis provides an accurate detailed description of reservoirs and mixed lithology. Its primary use is in the evaluation of formations, which contain shale, sand, limestone, dolomite, anhydrite, and gypsum. Minimum log data consists of a gamma ray or spontaneous potential log; a density, neutron, or sonic porosity log; and an induction or laterolog resistivity log. Improved results are obtained if photoelectric (Pe), shallow resistivity, sonic, dielectric, and spectral gamma ray data are used.    

        These logs will provide determination of shale content, cross plot lithology (sandstone-limestone or limestone-dolomite), anhydrite content, porosity, secondary porosity or gypsum (if an acoustic log is available), permeability and water saturation. If it is known that there is no limestone in a formation, the combination of sandstone-dolomite can be evaluated.
        Shale content can be computed from a number of shale indicators: Gamma Ray, SP, Deep resistivity curve, Thorium, Potassium, Gamma ray Thorium+Potasium, Neutron, Alternative Indicator, External Shale Volume, Density-Neutron cross plot, and Density-Acoustic cross plot. Several of these shale indicators can be used simultaneously, and then the minimum shale content of several shale volumes will be computed.
        Matrix densities of major minerals (sand, lime, dolomite, and anhydrite) can be changed within certain limits if necessary when solving density-neutron cross plot for lithology and porosity. Correction for gas can be done if density of gas is known. Salt and coal contents can be identified by setting the appropriate flags. There are options to compute porosity from single porosity logs (Density, Neutron or Acoustic) Several equations are included to compute water saturation: Archie. Simandoux, Indonesia, Waxman-Smits, and Dielectric analysis models.   Permeability can be computed from one of two equations: Timur or Wyllie-Rose. Effective permeabilities for hydrocarbons and water can be computed from one of the three equations: Park Jones, Boatman, or Pirson.

This program has been used popularly in L&TD for sedimentary rock evaluation.

Tool response equations available are SP, GR, Rt, Rxo, density, neutron and sonic.

Figure 1 shows the result of a CORAL processing for Shaly Sand-Lime-Dolomite with coal. The unknowns are porosity, clay volume, sand volume, water saturation, water saturation in flushed zone, hydrocarbon density, lime volume, dolomite volume, coal volume, and permeability index.

 

 



 

 


 

 

 

 

      

Fig. 1 – Results of CORAL processing for Shaly Sand-Lime-Dolomite with Coal

 

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Downhole Pressure And Temperature Equipments

 K10 “Quazrtz”

The K10 “Quartz” is a slick line, E-line , or coiled tubing conveyed downhole memory gauge with significantly enhanced capabilities. In the basic configuration it is a low-cost, hight realiability pressure and temperature recorder. With enhanced feature, it is a low-cost, instrument producing pressure, temperature, and flor along with depth data for a more complete well survey.

 Features

Entire designed, manufactured and assembled in U.S.A.

• “Quartzdyne” quartz resonator transducer

• Battery management system within sofware

• Buit-in Surface Readout (SRO) mode

• Delta P/Delta T sampling options

• Redundant memory

• Low power requirement

• USB interface for fast downloading

• Depth data with sireal encoder for Pressure/Time vs. Depth/Time

• Upgradeable Firmware

• Optional Flowmeter

 Application

Static and flowing gradient tests

• Downhole leak detection

• Detecting flowing zones

• Injection testing

• Gas lifting optimization

• Drillstem testing

IV. DATA INTERPRETATION

At present, VSP well testing team uses Ecrin sofware includes modules for Pressure Transient Analysis (Saphir) and Production Analysis (Topaze).. This software can calculate reservoir parameters as Pi - initial pressure, K - permeability, C - well bore storage, S - skin, R - effect radius, Kh – Perm thickness product, etc. with high accuracy and reliability. It can interpret testing data on oil, gas, water well with different geologic models. 

 

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Spectral Density Log

       In order to use the latest techniques in wireline logging and for more accurate lithology & porosity identification for sedimentary and basement rock, from 1997 Vietsovpetro L&TD has been using Halliburton’s Spectral Density Log Tools (SDL-T).

Spectral Density Log provides superior formation bulk density (rb) and borehole Compensated photoelectric factor (Pe) measurements. These measurements are key factors for

  • Accurate determination of formation bulk density
  • Reliable identification of formation lithology, regardless of formation fluid type
  • Precise delineation of thinly bedded formations (the unfiltered Pe curve is used)
  • Excellent indication of gas when used in combination with a neutron log
  • Excellent effect of basement dyke identification when used in combination with a neutron  log

 

 

 

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ULTRA Universal Logging Tool Response Analysis

           ULTRA is one of the most famous software in petrophysical analysis. It is a very powerful, useful and effective program. This program is a set of software modules, designed to process wireline logs. ULTRA program is based on an optimization approach, computing the most probable parameters from the set of logs and local knowledge of the logging environment.

        This is a weighted-least-squares error minimization technique which provides the analyst extensive flexibility to choose parameters, log measurements, and interpretive models. The affects of trace minerals, such as pyrite or ankerite, can be accurately evaluated with the ULTRA program. The analyst can also incorporate core results and other petrophysical data into ULTRA analysis to enhance the interpretation.

        Tool response equations are available for the following: SP, Gamma Ray, Natural Spectroscopy Gamma Ray, Bulk Density, Photoelectric, Sidewall Neutron, Sonic Log, Pulsed Neutron/TMD/Neutron Lifetime, Dielectric Constant/EPT.

       The following Log Analysis Models are built in: Shaly Sand, Sand-Lime-Dolomite with up to six other minerals and clay, Sand-Lime-Dolomite with up to six other minerals and shale represented as a mixture of clay and silt, Lime-Dolomite with up to six additional minerals and clay, Igneous and metamorphic reservoir model. Core data are used quantitatively in the minimization process.

      Fracture and secondary porosity may be determined in one of two possible ways:

  • As the difference of porosity from the sonic log and the porosity from the weighted least squares error optimization process.
  • From the cementation factor which can be declared to be unknown and computed at each level along with all other unknowns in the weighted least squares error minimization process.
Vietsovpetro and L&TD have selected ULTRA program because it is the best log interpretation software available
  • Easy to use
  • Flexible
  • Powerful
  • Intelligent

Adaptable – for operation on a variety of systems, including but not limited to Vax, HP, IBM and Apollo

 

 

 

 

 


This program has been popular in L&TD for sedimentary and basement rock evaluation.

Figures 1 & 2 show results of ULTRA processing for two sedimentary models. The Sand-Lime-Dolomite with other mineral and clay (Fig.1) and Shaly Sand with another minerals (Fig.2) had been chosen for use with porosity, clay volume, sand volume, water saturation, flushed zone saturation, hydrocarbon density, lime volume, dolomite volume and another mineral volumes as the unknowns.

Figure 3 shows a result of ULTRA processing for a basement model. The unknowns are porosity, quartz volume, kali-feldspar volume, plagioclase volume, and another mineral volume.


 


 

Fig. 1 – Results of ULTRA processing for sedimentary rock

     

Fig. 2 – Results of ULTRA processing for Shaly Sand with another minerals

             

Fig. 3 – Results of ULTRA processing for Basement

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